![]() ![]() ![]() Many have speculated that IF improves cardiometabolic health more than conventional dieting, even when matched for weight loss. However, it was unknown whether these benefits are solely due to weight loss. Data from these trials suggests that IF has similar benefits in humans: IF can reduce body weight or body fat, improve insulin sensitivity, reduce glucose and/or insulin levels, lower blood pressure, improve lipid profiles, and reduce markers of inflammation and oxidative stress ( Bhutani et al., 2013 Brandhorst et al., 2015 Carter et al., 2016 Catenacci et al., 2016 Eshghinia and Mohammadzadeh, 2013 Halberg et al., 2005 Harvie et al., 2013 Harvie et al., 2011 Harvie et al., 2016 Heilbronn et al., 2005a Heilbronn et al., 2005b Hoddy et al., 2016 Hoddy et al., 2014 Johnson et al., 2007 Klempel et al., 2013 Trepanowski et al., 2017b Varady et al., 2009 Varady et al., 2013 Wegman et al., 2015 Wei et al., 2017 Williams et al., 1998). ![]() The first clinical trials of IF in humans began about a decade ago, including trials on alternate-day fasting ( Catenacci et al., 2016 Heilbronn et al., 2005a Heilbronn et al., 2005b), alternate-day modified fasting (ADMF) ( Bhutani et al., 2013 Eshghinia and Mohammadzadeh, 2013 Halberg et al., 2005 Hoddy et al., 2016 Hoddy et al., 2014 Johnson et al., 2007 Klempel et al., 2013 Kroeger et al., 2018 Soeters et al., 2009 Trepanowski et al., 2017a Trepanowski et al., 2017b Varady et al., 2009 Varady et al., 2013 Wegman et al., 2015), the 5:2 diet ( Carter et al., 2016 Harvie et al., 2013 Harvie et al., 2011 Harvie et al., 2016), and the fasting-mimicking diet ( Brandhorst et al., 2015 Choi et al., 2016 Wei et al., 2017 Williams et al., 1998). Intermittent fasting (IF)-the practice of alternating periods of eating and fasting-has emerged as an effective therapeutic strategy for improving multiple cardiometabolic endpoints in rodent models of disease, ranging from insulin sensitivity and ectopic fat accumulation to hard endpoints such as stroke and diabetes incidence ( Antoni et al., 2017 Harvie and Howell, 2017 Mattson et al., 2016 Patterson and Sears, 2017). ![]()
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